The relative rate at which the price of a security moves up and down. Volatility is found by calculating the annualized standard deviation of daily

Moving or leading towards a higher level. (source: http://www.wordreference.com/definition/upward)

Excellent evaluation of the credit worthiness of a debtor, especially a business (company) or a government. The evaluation is made by a credit rating agency

A type of corporate action in which an acquiring company makes an offer to the target company’s shareholders to buy the target company’s shares in

The process of investors signing up and committing to invest in a financial Instrument, before the actual closing of the purchase. (source: en.wikipedia.org)

A loan (or security) that ranks below other loans (or securities) with regard to claims on assets or earnings; sometimes called a junior security or

A method of measuring the value of a section of the stock market. It is computed from the prices of selected stocks (sometimes a weighted

Stock market value is the value of a stock or index of a market. Measurement of the value of stock/index can be made in various

Precipitous and rapid decline (that may persist for months or years) in the prices of shares traded on a stock exchange, caused by panic selling.